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Osman I
Osman Gazi ben Ertuğrul ( ''Osman Ghazi''; or ''Osman Bey'' or ''Osman Alp''); (1258〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.theottomans.org/english/family/osman.asp )〕–1326), sometimes transliterated in the past as Othman or Ottoman or Atman (from the contemporary Byzantine Greek version of his name, Άτμαν) and nicknamed "Kara" ("black" in Turkish), was the leader of the Ottoman Turks and the founder and namesake of the dynasty that established and ruled the Ottoman Empire. The state, while only a small principality (''beylik'') during Osman's lifetime, would prevail as a world empire〔The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1999, Donald Quataert, page 4, 2005〕 under Osman's dynasty for the next six centuries after his death. It existed until the abolition of the sultanate in 1922, or alternatively the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, or the abolition of the caliphate in 1924.
Osman announced the independence of his own small principality from the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in July 27, 1299, and was acclaimed the Khan of the Kayı tribe. The Ottoman principality was just one of many small Turkish principalities in Anatolia at the time that emerged after the dissolution of the Seljuks, all of which the Ottomans would eventually conquer to reunite Anatolia under Turkish rule. The westward drive of the Mongol invasions had pushed scores of Muslims toward Osman's principality, a power base that Osman was quick to consolidate. As the Byzantine Empire declined, the Ottoman Empire rose to take its place.
==Controversy in the origins of his name "Osman"==
Since the classical era of the Ottoman Empire, it has been believed that Osman I was named after Uthman ibn Affan, who was the third Rashidun caliph of Islam and one of the companions of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. However, some historians claim that Osman I's original name was "Atman".〔Watch Dr. Levent Kayapinar's (Byzantinist) claims on this issue broadcast on Haberturk, a noted Turkish news channel. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xz0GfJizto4〕 This claim is based on the chronicles written by Byzantine historian George Pachymeres, who is contemporary to Osman I. The letter ث in عثمان gives sibilant voiceless alveolar fricative sound and it is translated as "th" to the Latin script. Therefore Osman is translated as "Ottomanus" to Latin and the name of the empire is translated as Ottoman. However, the Greek letter sigma "Σ" is already a sibilant consonant and ع in عثمان should be translated to Greek as omicron or omega instead of alpha in the chronicles.
Another supporting argument to this claim is that neither Osman I's ancestors have Islamic names nor his uncles, brothers, and lieutenants. This may not be true, however, since his grand father is commonly believed to be Suleyman Shah, whose name is Islamic. Being nomads, his ancestors were exposed to Islamic culture very little and they first started to live a sedentary life during the leadership of Ertuğrul in Söğüt. In addition, according to a famous tale, Osman I first saw Quran in the house of Sheikh Edebali, whose daughter Osman I married later. Osman I's eldest son and successor was Orhan, whose name has also origins in old Turkish. The first Islamic name in Osman I's lineage is of his son "Alaeddin". He is possibly named after Alaeddin Keykubad III (died 1303), who was the Seljuk Sultan of Rûm of the era, as a tribute.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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